Doug Howgate, president of the Massachusetts Taxpayers Foundation, said the data show that both wealthy families and lower-income working class families are leaving the state, while families that land in the middle seem more willing to stay.

“The biggest outmigrants are at the top end and the lowest end of the income spectrum, and both are critical to our competitiveness. We absolutely want to make sure that families in the upper end of the range are staying here, that’s crucial, and we want to make sure that families can afford housing, can live here,” he said. “But they’re both showing a willingness to leave, and we need to be super concerned.”